Wind

Winds can be gentle, hardly felt, like zephyrs flitting about in a local area, or they can be vast movements of air moving swiftly across oceans and continents at low and high altitudes.

Wind forecast models are pretty good these days and can generally be relied upon. Note the “generally” and “pretty good” words. Gusts can come seemingly from nowhere and conditions can change faster than predicted.

Below is an embedded real-time webpage frame from windy.com. Windy.com shows global wind and the forecast. Having a poke around it is quite interesting; you can zoom in and out, change location, and see what is predicted in the future.

Sea Breezes

Sea breezes are a local area scale of the effect of differential heating of air. They are well-known to experienced sailors.

In the diagram below, a parcel of air over land in summer at noon will be warmed more than a parcel over water. Both receive the same amount of solar heat, but it takes more heat to raise water one degree than it does for land. Hence, the parcel over the warmer land will thus rise while the heavier cooler air over the water will flow in under it to take its place.

This phenomenon gives birth to the so-called daytime “sea breeze”.

Sea Breeze

The reverse occurs at night, particularly on clear nights when the Earth can radiate a lot of heat out to space. Now, the air warmed by the water rises and is replaced by the descending cooler air over the land driving the airflow in the reverse direction, creating a “land breeze”. This can surprise an unwary sailor when as the night wears on and he sleeps at anchor, the land breeze alters the wind, and his boat swings in a new direction. Did he consider this effect when he anchored?

During daytime hours sea breezes can yield useful sailing conditions just next to a coast, when there might be no wind further offshore and none otherwise shown in large-scale weather forecast models. Nowadays, local effects such as sea breezes are built into the weather prediction models and are shown in smaller-scale (local) weather forecasts.

Surface Winds

Light surface winds produce “cat paw” looking waves, whereas stronger winds produce sharper and higher waves. As winds increase, energy is transferred to the water, waves become higher, and spray begins blowing off the crests of waves. Experienced sailors can often accurately determine wind speed by watching the waves. The first appearance of “White Caps” on the waves occurs at about 12 knots of wind.

Wind Symbols

When reading a weather map or wind map you need to know the symbols used. Make sure you understand this table, especially the directions. The circles are the head of the arrow; the barbs are the tail. Take note, these are in the test to follow.

Wind Symbols Explained

In compass-named directions, the wind directions in the table above are:

5 knots north-easterly (the wind is coming FROM the north-east)
10 knots north-westerly
25 knots easterly
50 knots south-south-easterly

A common mistake is to think that the arrow is like a wind vane. It is not! The arrow points in the direction of the flow of the wind.

The following table is a rough summary of wind speed and its effect. The column on reefing is of course a matter of choice and boat type. For example, in the large catamarans, you’ll reef the mainsail first because of its larger size over the genoa. Roller furling systems allow the crew to reef the sails to any position. However, the sails will typically have marks on them for the recommended first reef and second reef points. Expected boat speed is stated for an average cruising type boat. Race boats can go much faster. The latest foiling America’s Cup boats – forget it, they seemingly break the rules of physics.

Wind Speed (knots)	Wave Action	Expected Boat Speed (knots)	Effect on Boat and Reefing Recommendation
0-5	calm – ripples	0-2 knots	No heeling
6-10	1-2ft (0.3 – 0.6 m)	2-6 knots	Slight heeling
11-15	2-4ft (0.6 – 1.3 m) white caps	6-10 knots	Moderate to heavy heeling
16-25	4-8ft (1.3 – 2.6 m)	6-12 knots	Reefing required heavy heeling
25-35	6-15 ft (2 – 4.6 m) spray	6-12 knots	2nd reef required – danger return to base ASAP – seek shelter
35+	8-20 ft (2.6 – 6.3 m)	6-12 knots	Max reefing- extreme danger seek immediate shelter. Employ storm tactics.

Beaufort Scale

The Beaufort Wind Scale is both historically and visually very interesting. It was designed by British Admiral Francis Beaufort in the 1830’s to help large, fully rigged vessels determine their sail requirements. While it is a classic number system, it is still used in wind forecasts.

THE BEAUFORT WIND SCALE

Force	Wind (Knots)	WMO Classification	Appearance of Wind Effects On the Water
0	Less than 1	Calm	Sea surface smooth and mirror-like
1	1-3	Light Air	Scaly ripples, no foam crests
2	4-6	Light Breeze	Small wavelets, crests glassy, no breaking
3	7-10	Gentle Breeze	Large wavelets, crests begin to break, scattered whitecaps
4	11-16	Moderate Breeze	Small waves 1-4 ft. becoming longer, numerous whitecaps
5	17-21	Fresh Breeze	Moderate waves 4-8 ft taking longer form, many whitecaps, some spray
6	22-27	Strong Wind Warning	Larger waves 8-13 ft, whitecaps common, more spray
7	28-33	Near Gale	Sea heaps up, waves 13-20 ft, white foam streaks off breakers
8	34-40	Gale	Moderately high (13-20 ft) waves of greater length, edges of crests begin to break into spindrift, foam blown in streaks
9	41-47	Strong Gale	High waves (20 ft), sea begins to roll, dense streaks of foam, spray may reduce visibility
10	48-55	Storm	Very high waves (20-30 ft) with overhanging crests, sea white with densely blown foam, heavy rolling, lowered visibility
11	56-63	Violent Storm	Exceptionally high (30-45 ft) waves, foam patches cover sea, visibility more reduced
12	64+	Hurricane	Air filled with foam, waves over 45 ft, sea completely white with driving spray, visibility greatly reduced

This is pretty hard to remember. Thus, look at the table above and remember the wind conditions force number that you are comfortable sailing in. If force conditions are reported as worse, then you know not to go out or to prepare if you are already out. Generally speaking, FORCE 4 is 11-16 knots. This is comfortable for most. So remember Force 4 is 4 sailing – anything above that is starting to get hairy!

Force 4 is 4 Sailing

Yacht clubs and some harbormasters may fly flags to indicate any wind warnings. These are not internationally standardized so it is best you check for your country and state (yes, even states differ in the USA). Don’t go sailing in anything above Small Craft Advisory and note that a Small Craft Advisory is a warning to those in small craft that conditions are dangerous. If you are inexperienced, you should not go out under small craft advisory conditions.

Here is a table of the most common wind warning flags in the USA, though some other countries also use them.

Wind Warning Flags

Gusts

Gusts can occur at virtually any time and can be extremely dangerous for several reasons.

If not properly handled, a gust can overpower the rig and cause the mast to come down (dismasting).
A gust heels the boat over and throws the crew and gear around.
A gust heels the boat making the rudder less effective and thus rounds the boat up into the wind and into crossing traffic causing a collision.
A gust can broach the boat when sailing with a spinnaker. A broach is like a round-up into the wind, except the boat is held down and on its side because of the spinnaker. It can cause sinking.
A gust can cause the boom to gybe over unexpectedly, killing crew members with their heads up.

Gusts can be seen coming by a moving discoloration of the water. Good crew members point out approaching gusts to the helmsperson and prepare for action, such as letting out the mainsail traveler or mainsheet. Helmspersons can prepare to adjust the course.

Here is a series of gusts in “The Bight” on Norman Island, British Virgin Islands.

Wind Gusts in the BVI

Here is a series of gusts created by Katabatic winds in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand.

Katabatic Wind Gusts

In General

Always keep in mind that you never want to overpower your vessel since this can lead to catastrophic results. As wind velocities increase, the force on a sailboat’s rigging and sails is dramatically increased by the squared power. For example: if the wind speed doubles from 5 knots to 10 knots, the force on the rigging quadruples; from 5 knots to 20 knots, the force becomes 16 times greater.